Although no significant changes were found using conventional microscopy, when electron microscopy was employed he discovered intracellular swelling, glycogen and lipid accumulation, and alterations in the structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and of the mitochondria (Figure 2). These changes, though subtle, were similar to those found by Ferrans and Hibbs in eight deceased individuals diagnosed with ACM42,43. On histological examination, various degrees of fibrosis, patchy areas of endocardial fibroelastosis, intramural blood clots and focal collections of swollen cells in both the epicardium and endocardium were found. Also, there were significant size variations in the myofibrils and they showed a relative decrease in the number of striations, in addition to swelling, vacuolisation and hyalinisation.

• RNNs are suitable for time-series data like ECG signals but face limitations in learning long-term dependencies for long sequence inputs.
• Traditional diagnostic tools often fail to account for the unique genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contributing to this elevated risk.
• Moreover, ranolazine prevents ethanol-induced atrial arrhythmias both in vitro and in vivo by blocking the late sodium current, which is activated by CaMKII.112 Its effect on preventing the decrease of LVEF in AC is currently unknown.
• In these studies, the authors estimated the amount and chronicity of alcohol intake and subsequently related the figures to a number of echocardiographic measurements and parameters.
• In fact, Brandt et al.54 observed that in ALDH2-deficient mice, the most important increase in mitochondrial superoxide levels (which is the major species of ROS) is due to acetaldehyde, not ethanol.
• Among patients who continued drinking heavily, transplant-free survival was significantly worse than in non-drinkers (27% vs 45%).

Clinical profile and prognostic factors of alcoholic cardiomyopathy in tribal and non-tribal population

It was described as a form of DCM with severe pericardial effusion, low cardiac output, and purplish skin coloration. In fact, Brandt et al.54 observed that in ALDH2-deficient mice, the most important increase in mitochondrial superoxide levels (which is the major species of ROS) is due to acetaldehyde, not ethanol. By inhibiting NOX2 (the most important superoxide-producing enzyme) with apocynin, they observed a decrease in ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced superoxide levels. Furthermore, alcohol consumption has also been classified in the literature by ranges of consumption as mild, moderate, and heavy drinking.11 In this regard, these categories have the following consumption thresholds that also differ according to sex. Despite the significant technical progress of language models in ML, their utilization in the field of cardiology is still in its early stages, with considerable gaps in research and application of language models.

AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ACM

• Our study indicated increased morbidity and mortality of patients with ACM in tribal population; this study has direct implications on the prevention and treatment of ACM in the Indian context in general and the Jharkand state in particular.
• Additionally, the accepted ACM definition does not take into account a patient’s sex or body mass index (BMI).
• Transformers, introduced by Vaswani et al.112, are solely based on the attention mechanism, dispensing with recurrence and convolution entirely, achieving state-of-the-art results in machine translation112.
• Basic research studies have described an abundance of mechanisms that could underscore the functional and structural alterations found in ACM.

GPT-2 increased the capacity and size of parameters, further enhancing natural language drug addiction treatment generation119. GPT-3 achieved excellent results in many natural language processing tasks, while GPT-4 further increased parameter size and introduced multi-modality, handling both image and text inputs. Recent work by Bubeck et al.120 suggests the emergence of Artificial General Intelligence using a GPT-based ML model. Transformer-based models, originally introduced for neural machine translation, have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) by significantly improving sequence translation accuracy through the attention mechanism114. This addresses fixed-length vector problems by allowing a joint soft search of the source sentence, thus improving translation accuracy.

Advanced DL techniques for ECG classification

Certain ethnic populations2,3, particularly South Asians, experience higher rates of MI, with onset about a decade earlier, and face more severe post-MI complications compared to Western populations4,5,6,7. This increased risk is largely attributed to genetic predispositions, lifestyle, environmental factors, and higher rates of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and central obesity6,7,8. The INTERHEART study, which analyzed risk factors for acute MI in 52 countries, identified smoking, psychosocial stress, physical inactivity, and poor diet as key risk factors for acute MI in South Asians6. Despite their disproportionately higher rates of MI and post-MI complications, research focusing on the South Asian populations is relatively scarce. In all ACM studies, inclusion of patients is based on patients’ self-reported alcohol drinking habits, which may lead to an underestimation of the prevalence of ACM together with problematic identification of patients who abstain and those who continue drinking. Furthermore, in many of these reports, comorbid conditions, especially myocarditis and other addictions such as cocaine and nicotine, were not reported.

Study population and baseline characteristics

As it is not uncommon in ACM for patients to experience a significant recovery of systolic function, it is particularly challenging in this disease to decide the most appropriate time to implant an ICD and whether it is necessary to replace a previously implanted device. Future studies in ACM should also address this topic, which has important economic consequences. DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; https://ecosoberhouse.com/article/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-overview/ HF, heart failure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HTx, heart transplant; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SD, standard deviation.

Study design:

In summary, ML could significantly enhance MI diagnosis in the South Asian population by improving diagnostic accuracy, integrating multimodal data, and identifying atypical presentations94. ML may provide personalized diagnostic approaches, reduce errors, and optimize healthcare resources. These algorithms can generate differential diagnoses, suggest high-value tests, and minimize repeated testing. Beyond diagnostics, ML may be able to predict patient outcomes and assist in clinical decision-making by providing insights based on large datasets, helping clinicians tailor treatment plans effectively95. These advancements are crucial for addressing the unique challenges faced by South Asians in cardiovascular health, ensuring better clinical outcomes for this high-risk population. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death globally, contributing to nearly 17.9 million annual deaths, significantly impacting healthcare systems and economic productivity1.

Moreover, myofibrils showed a alcoholic cardiomyopathy progressively distorted structure, resulting in a homogeneous mass. In summary, leveraging cardiac biomarkers such as troponins with innovative ML algorithms like MI3 offers a more personalized and accurate approach to diagnosing and managing MI. These advancements hold promise for significantly improving clinical outcomes in patients with suspected acute MI. ML algorithms such as VGG-Net and CNNs utilize image datasets, achieving high accuracy in diagnosing MI110.

Associated Data

There is substantial interest in the impact of rare disease variants, which are more likely to differ between ethnic groups47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54. Further genetic analysis of the South Asian population is essential to elucidate the extent to which these polymorphisms contribute to CVD risk55. Additionally, the South Asian population is genetically diverse and not homogenous, necessitating detailed subgroup analyses19. The left panel displays traditional risk factors for ASCVD, while the right panel highlights the risk factors that are more specific and prevalent in the South Asian population.